Extraction forms the first basic step in medicinal plant research because the preparation of crude extracts from plants is the starting point for the isolation and purification of chemical constituents present in plants. Extraction techniques have been widely investigated to obtain such valuable natural compounds from plants. The traditional technique requires longer Extraction time and higher solvent consumption. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for new Extraction techniques with shortened Extraction time, reduced organic solvent consumption, and increased pollution prevention. Novel Extraction methods including ultrasound-assisted Extraction, microwave-assisted Extraction and accelerated solvent Extraction are fast and efficient for extracting chemicals from solid plant matrixes. Extraction method could be extracted maximum nutraceuticals with high pure from solid plant materials if it selected correctly. Also, the yield and quality of nutraceuticals should be considered when an Extraction method is selected.

Background and Aim: Although orthodontists have long recognized that the Extraction (Ext) of premolars often is accompanied by changes in the soft tissue profile, investigations indicate that the soft tissue does not always respond favorably to hard-tissue retraction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment, with and without premolar Ext, on the lateral facial profiles of borderline patients with particular reference to the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Materials & methods: Eighty-nine border line patients were included in this study. 41 patients were treated with a non-Extraction (Non-Ext) protocol, 16 patients were treated with Extractions of 5.5, 18 patients with 4.4 and 14 patients with 4.5. All pre-and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were traced and analysis by one examiner. To quantify the soft tissue effects of growth and treatment, the depths of the upper and lower lip curves were calculated in two ways relative to the PM reference line and anterior soft tissue reference line.Results: The changes in depth of upper and lower lip curves were statistically significant (P<0.001).The Non-Ext group showed an increase in depth of upper and lower lip curves, whereas the Ext group showed a decrease in depth of upper and lower lip curves. No significant differences were found between the various Extraction sequences (5.5, 4.4, 4.5) for depth of the upper and lower lip curves changes.Conclusions: l) The upper and lower lip changes were significant; more retrusive in the Ext group and more protrusive in the Non-Ext group. 2) There were no significant post treatment differences in the depths of upper and lower lip curves between premolar Extraction sequences.

Cellulose is the most abundant natural fiber on earth which considered a renewable source for obtaining environmentally friendly products. The Extraction of pure cellulose fibers from lignocellulosic materials requires the application of special Extraction methods. However, several challenges arise during cellulose Extraction processes. To overcome these problems and make it easier to layer the cell wall and release the cellulose micro and nano structures, in many recent researches, various pretreatment methods are used considering their application. Pretreatment methods can change the structural organization, crystallinity, and polymorphism of cellulose. In addition, it can change the various properties of pretreated raw materials. Therefore, it is very important to know the types of pretreatment methods. Therefore, in the present study, by using the content analysis method and reviewing the most important related works, the types of pretreatment methods necessary for the Extraction of cellulose were reviewed and categorized. The results of the present work have been presented for the researchers active in the field of cellulose/polymer micro and nano composites, who need to extract a variety of micro or nano cellulosic structures to advance their research.

Background & Aim: Extraction of first premolars and their influence on the third molars' eruption and impaction has been of concern to dental profession. The aim of this study, was to determine the relation between the changes of third molar angulation and the first premolar Extraction in orthodontic treatment.Materials and methods: This analytical study was carried out on total 90 subjects selected from two orthodontic clinics. Forty five subjects (14 males and 31 females) 14.46±1.64 years old treated with Extraction of four first premolars (Extraction group) and the other 45 subjects (13 males, 32 females) 13.9±1.99 years old treated by nonExtraction were studied. Lateral cephalometric and panoramic films were studied before and after treatment. Eight angles in panoramic, four angles and 4 linear variables on the lateral cephalometric films were measured. Age, gender, amount of crowding in both dental arches and treatment duration were matched in the two groups. Student t and chi square tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The upper eruption space and the lower eruption spaces were more in Extraction group and the difference was significant (P=0.02, P=0.004, P<0.001). The changes of third molar angulation were not significant between the two groups. Eruption rate of the third molars in both arches were more in Extraction group and the difference was significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: Extraction of the first premolars did not influence the changes in the third molar angulation, while it affected the third molar eruption by space creation. It seems that Extraction of the first premolars is not a way for secure eruption of the third molar.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important industrial crop and its seeds contain significant amounts of oil. The Extraction of oil components using solvent at high pressure, or supercritical fluid (SCF), has received much attention. In the present study, statistical analyses showed that the average Extraction yield of seed oil of five tobacco varieties using SFE was 9.33%, which was higher than Sonication (7.75%) and DGF (Deutsche Gesellschaft f_r Fettwissenschaft) standard method B-I5 (87) (8.48%), but lower than Soxhlet (13.72%). Also, fatty acids profile of each extracted oil was determined by gas chromatography. Various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as lauric (C12: 0), myristic (C14: 0), palmitic (C16: 0), palmitoleic (C16: 1), stearic (C18: 0), oleic (C18: 1), linoleic (C18: 2), linolenic (C18: 3) and eicosanoic (C20: 0) acids were observed in the extracted oils.

Background and Objectives: Paraffin-embedded tissue specimens are excellent resources for large-scale molecular epidemiological studies, but the Extraction of the high quality nucleic acid may be problematic. The aim of study was identification of the best method for DNA Extraction of paraffin-embedded pathological samples. Materials and methods: In order to identify the optimal method for DNA Extraction, DNA Extraction was optimized by comparing four different tissue digestion buffers and six different protocols (xylene/ethanol method 1, xylene/ethanol method 2, xylene/ethanol method 3, simple boiling method, microwave method, and thermal cycler heating method) for paraffin elimination. To evaluate the quality and stability of the extracted DNA, they were used to amplify a 260bp fragment from the b-globin gene in PCR methods. Results: Amplification of a 260 bpb-globin gene fragment using tissue digestion protocol 4 was obtained in 22/25 (88%) of samples in xylene/ethanol method 1, 19/25 (76%) in xylene/ethanol method 2, 19/25 (76%) in xylene/ethanol method 3, 20/25 (80%) in simple boiling method, 19/25 (76%) in microwave method, and 0/25 (0%) in thermal cycler heating method. PCR amplification was also done using two-fold serial dilutions of the 10 positive DNA samples and tissue digestion protocol 4. In this part, different deparaffinisation methods (xylene/ethanol different methods, simple boiling, and microwave methods) were compared. Successful amplification of a 260 bp b- globin gene fragment of 1:10 and 1:20 dilutions was obtained for xylene/ethanol (method 1) and microwave method. Multivariate logistic regression statistical test and SAS software were used for statistical analysis.Conclusion: Based on the results, tissue digestion protocol 4, xylene/ethanol (method 1) and microwave protocols are the best.

Reseda luteola is a plant species in the genus Reseda. The common name is weld. The plant is rich in luteolin, a flavonoid that produces a bright yellow dye. This dye is more important and noticeable than other natural yellow dyes due to its high transparency and color strength, and better general fastness. Cellulose and waste tissue in natural dyes reduce the efficiency and quality of natural dyeing, occupy a large volume of dyeing equipment with dye plant pulp and complex dye matching. To make maximum use of the dye in the plant, applying the Extraction methods is inevitable. Much research has been done in the field of dye Extraction from this plant. Extraction of natural dyes from weld with the help of traditional methods such as boiling, soaking and steaming and modern techniques such as Soxhlet, microwave, ultrasound, plasma, membrane, critical liquid and the effect of various solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, water-ethanol, and water Methanol as well as auxiliaries during dyeing and Extraction have been considered by researchers. The results show the effectiveness of some Extraction methods compared to the conventional method, different solvents, and the effects of Extraction bath pH. The results of dye Extraction from weld using filtration methods and wool dyeing led to the superiority of deposition of dyes by alum mordant and then ultrafiltration. Compared to Soxhlet Extraction methods with the ultrasonic technique, Extraction efficiency was superior and less time and energy was spent in the ultrasound method showed excellent Extraction efficiency. In general, research has been demonstrated that dye powder extracted from weld can be used instead of the plant. In addition, use in the pharmaceutical and health industries increases the efficiency and quality of dyeing and can be an excellent alternative to synthetic dyes. In this study, the researches related to different dye Extraction methods from the weld, the effect of solvents and auxiliaries on the Extraction efficiency, and dyeing quality are reviewed and introduced.

The commence point of several molecular biology methods was necessity for high-quality DNA Extraction. Ordinary, the quality of DNA were determinate with some factors such as DNA contamination from RNA, proteins, lipids and other structures which disturb in activity of digestive enzymes and polymerase. Usually, DNA Extraction from paraffin-embedded blocks and formalin-fixed tissues were damaged, owing to the fact that destructive effect were entered on DNA inconsequence, they had not desirable quality. The aim of this study was to present an efficient method for extracting DNA from tissue that fixed in formalin. Two different protocols of Bioneer and General Genomic Extraction Kits were compared for DNA Extraction from formalin-fixed tissues. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation was performed on DNA. For verification and evaluation of DNA, PCR for b-globin gene was fulfilled on all samples. The results showed that the quality and quantity of DNA which extracted with General Genomic Extraction kit were more desired in comparison with Bioneer kit. The amount of samples that amplified with primers b-globin, illustrate more concentration and purity of mentioned DNA Extraction kit in compared with Bioneer kit. Due to the damage caused by fixing tissues in formalin, General Genomic Extraction Kit was more efficient for DNA Extraction. This method can be used for DNA Extraction from formalin-fixed tissues and paraffin-embedded blocks for routine research and clinical trials.